The Wooly Mammoth (mammuthus primigenius) ranged throughout North America, Asia and Europe between 12,000 and 40,000 years ago. It had several cousins, many of whom, including the smaller mastodon and are now extinct. Present day elephants and the aquatic manatee are also relations. No one knows for sure why the mammoth died out, but experts suspect it was a combination of climactic change, which reduced the feeding range, and hunting pressure by our early ancestors.
Mammoth tusks were large teeth, made of ivory (dentin), with a protective layer of cementum. They were used for defense, dominance, mating rituals, and may have served as snowplows, clearing the ground for winter-feeding. Mammoth ivory is distinguishable from other ivory by its characteristically unique, oblique crosshatched pattern. It is used in jewelry and for carving. It is uniform and thick, enabling high relief or sculpture in the round. It can hold incredible detail and take a high polish.